vFHE: Verifiable Fully Homomorphic Encryption with Blind Hash. (arXiv:2303.08886v1 [cs.CR])

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a powerful encryption technique that
allows for computation to be performed on ciphertext without the need for
decryption. FHE will thus enable privacy-preserving computation and a wide
range of applications, such as secure cloud computing on sensitive medical and
financial data, secure machine learning, etc. Prior research in FHE has largely
concentrated on improving its speed, and great stride has been made. However,
there has been a scarcity of research on addressing a major challenge of FHE
computation: client-side data owners cannot verify the integrity of the
calculations performed by the service and computation providers, hence cannot
be assured of the correctness of computation results. This is particularly
concerning when the service or computation provider may act in an
untrustworthy, unreliable, or malicious manner and tampers the computational
results. Prior work on ensuring FHE computational integrity has been
non-universal or incurring too much overhead. We propose vFHE to add
computational integrity to FHE without losing universality and without
incurring high performance overheads.